Population trends in northern spotted owls: Associations with climate in the Pacific Northwest

We used reverse time capture-mark-recapture models to describe associations between rate of population change (λ) and climate for northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) at six long-term study areas in Washington and Oregon, USA. Populations in three of six areas showed strong evidence of declining populations, while populations in two additional areas were likely declining as well. At four areas, λ was positively associated with wetter-than-normal conditions during the growing season, which likely affects prey availability. Lambda was also negatively associated with cold, wet winters and nesting seasons, and the number of hot summer days. The amount of annual variation in λ accounted for by climate varied across study areas (3-85%). Rate of population change was more sensitive to adult survival than to recruitment; however, there was considerable variation among years and across study areas for all demographic rates. While annual survival was more closely related to regional climate conditions, recruitment was often associated with local weather. In addition to climate, declines in recruitment at four of six areas were associated with increased presence of barred owls. Climate change models predict warmer, wetter winters and hotter, drier summers for the Pacific Northwest in the first half of the 21st century. Our results indicate that these conditions have the potential to negatively affect annual survival, recruitment, and consequently population growth rates for northern spotted owls.     

地膜覆盖下土壤有机质的分解与积累

还田有机物在地膜覆盖下的分解略高于露地栽培,腐殖化系数为0.17～0.41,土壤有机质的年亩矿化量为92～164kg.有机无机肥配施,对土壤有机质的贡献高于不施肥、单施化肥和单施有机肥,尤其是未经分解的有机物,适量配施化肥,明显优于等氮量的腐熟有机肥.为此,要重新组合农业措施.以调整土壤有机质分解与积累之间的关系.     

水肥耦合效应对保护地辣椒肥料氮、磷经济利用效率的影响

采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计,研究了灌水定额、氮肥和磷肥对保护地辣椒肥料氮和肥料磷经济利用效率的影响。研究表明:高量施肥时灌水定额增加能提高氮肥经济利用率,但在低量施肥情况下灌水定额增加却降低氮肥经济利用率。施氮、施磷、水氮交互作用和水磷的交互作用对磷肥经济利用效率的影响显著,其影响大小顺序为施磷>水磷互作>施氮>水氮互作,水磷互作对磷肥经济利率效率为正效应。     

Variables controlling denitrification from earthworm casts and soil in permanent pastures

Summary Denitrification (using the acetylene block method) was determined in earthworm casts and soils from permanent, drained or undrained pasture plots fertilized with 0 or 200 kg N ha^-1 year^-1 as ammonium nitrate. Rates of N₂O production from soil cores were about three times higher from the fertilized than from the unfertilized plots while drainage had a relatively small effect. Denitrification rates from casts were 3–5 times higher than those from soil irrespective of the drainage treatment. Casts generally had higher NO _inf3 ^sup- , NH _inf4 ^sup+ , and moisture contents, and higher microbial respiration rates than soil. Rates of N₂O production were determined primarily by NO _inf3 ^sup- supply, secondarily by moisture; available C did not appear to limit denitrification in these pastures. Estimates of the potential contribution of casts to denitrification ranges from 10.1% of 29.3 kg ha^-1 year^-1 from the unfertilized, drained plot to 22% of 82.5 kg ha^-1 year^-1 from the fertilized undrained plot.     

对提高容器育苗成活率的探讨

从6个方面论述了提高容器育苗成活率的方式方法。     

不同施钾量对冬小麦几个光合特性和产量的影响

 1992～1994年,在滇中山原红壤上所作的田间试验中,冬小麦在3种NP施用水平下施用不同用量的钾肥.研究的初步结果表明,在配施NP肥的基础上,随着施钾量的增加,小麦叶片的气孔阻力减少,提高叶片胞间CO₂浓度和叶绿素含量,增加净光合速率,籽粒产量也有不同程度的增加.     

大豆根瘤菌(Bradyrhizobium japonicuum)在黑龙江省接种效果与接种有效性的研究

据1983-1985年在黑龙江省45个县,(市)792个试验点,6种土壤和14个大豆品种的小区试验和大面积试验证明:大豆接种根瘤菌比不接种平均增产11.2%,每公顷增收大豆241.5公斤。5年(1983-1987)累计应用面积已达31.5万公顷。由于大豆接种根瘤菌增加了大豆的结瘤数和根瘤重、植株鲜重和干重、植株含氮量和根瘤固氮酶活性,从而提高大豆产量和籽实蛋白质含量。本文研究了大豆接种根瘤菌的有效性与土著根瘤菌生态分布(以大豆自然结瘤性状C值、接种回收率为指标),大豆品种对根瘤菌的选择性,土壤化学因子(N.P.K.DH.有机质)的相关关系以及与化学肥料(磷酸二铵)、微量元素肥料(钼酸铵),VA菌根真菌的联合增产效应。     

高美施活性高效肥对早稻产量与品质的效应

在早稻上进行施用高美施活性肥、复混肥和复合肥试验研究 ,结果表明 :高美施活性肥对早稻生长发育具有显著的促进作用 ,大米外观、口感等得到改善 ,且增产幅度大 ,经济效益好 ,肥料生产率高。施用高美施活性肥稻谷产量达 60 15kg/hm2 ,比对照增产 5 6.0 % ,产投比为 1.863。龙眠山牌复混肥和俄罗斯复合肥也有一定的增产效果 ,分别比对照增产 47.9%和3 0 .0 % ,产投比为 1.845和 0 .816。     

冷藏盆栽桃出库时期对开花坐果的影响

[目的]探究延后栽培中控温方式对果树开花坐果的影响。[方法]以冷藏盆栽桃为试材,研究不同出库时期对冷藏盆栽桃开花坐果的影响。[结果]结果表明:随着出库时期延后,冷藏盆栽桃开花物候期加快,花期缩短,花朵直径、花柱长度变短小,僵芽率上升,花粉量、花粉生活力、坐果率下降。花芽萌动至花期的持续高温是造成坐果率下降的主要原因。[结论]该研究为丰富果树休眠理论及盆栽果树、设施果树的延后生产提供了理论依据。